Contents.Audio Windows Vista features a completely re-written audio stack designed to provide low-latency 32-bit floating point audio, higher-quality digital signal processing, bit-for-bit sample level accuracy, up to 144 dB of dynamic range and new audio created by a team including Steve Ball and Larry Osterman.The new audio stack runs at user level, thus increasing stability. The Windows Vista audio engine is designed to run faster than the Windows XP audio engine, and has tighter requirements on audio buffer position accuracy.
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Also, the new (UAA) model has been introduced, replacing audio, which allows compliant audio hardware to automatically work under Windows without needing device drivers from the audio hardware vendor.There are three major APIs in the Windows Vista audio architecture:. Windows Audio Session API – Very low-level API for rendering audio, render/capture audio streams, adjust volume etc. This API also provides low latency for audio professionals through WaveRT (wave real-time). Multimedia Device API – For enumerating and managing audio endpoints. Device Topology API – For discovering the internals of an audio card's topology.Audio stack architecture Applications communicate with the audio driver through Sessions, and these Sessions are programmed through the Windows Audio Session API (WASAPI). In general, WASAPI operates in two modes. In exclusive mode (also called DMA mode), unmixed audio streams are rendered directly to the audio adapter and no other application's audio will play and signal processing has no effect.
Exclusive mode is useful for applications that demand the least amount of intermediate processing of the audio data or those that want to output compressed audio data such as, or over. WASAPI exclusive mode is similar to in function, but no kernel mode programming is required. In shared mode, audio streams are rendered by the application and optionally applied per-stream audio effects known as Local Effects (LFX) (such as per-session volume control).
Then the streams are mixed by the global audio engine, where a set of global audio effects (GFX) may be applied. Finally, they're rendered on the audio device.The higher level APIs such as the Waveform-Audio Interface (waveXxx functions) and use shared mode, which results in pre-mixed audio that is sent to the driver in a single format (in terms of sample rate, bit depth and channel count).
This format is configurable by the end user through Control Panel.After passing through WASAPI, all host-based audio processing, including custom audio processing, can take place (sample rate conversion, mixing, effects). Host-based processing modules are referred to as Audio Processing Objects, or APOs.
All these components operate in user mode. The only portion of this architecture that runs in kernel mode is the audio driver (which contains the Port Class driver, the vendor Miniport driver and the vendor ).The Windows Kernel Mixer is completely gone. There is no direct path from DirectSound to the audio drivers; DirectSound and are emulated as Session instances. Since the whole point of DirectSound acceleration is to allow hardware to process unmixed audio content, DirectSound cannot be accelerated in this audio model, and DirectSound3D is not supported at all, which also breaks.
APIs such as and are not affected.Audio performance. Main article:Windows Vista also includes a new Multimedia Class Scheduler Service (MMCSS) that allows multimedia applications to register their time-critical processing to run at an elevated thread priority, thus ensuring prioritized access to CPU resources for time-sensitive DSP processing and mixing tasks.For audio professionals, a new WaveRT port driver has been introduced that strives to achieve real-time performance by using the multimedia class scheduler and supports audio applications that reduce the latency of audio streams. Consequently, user mode applications can completely govern streams of audio without any code execution in the kernel during runtime. WaveRT allows the user mode application direct access to the internal audio hardware buffers and sample position counters (data in the memory that is mapped to the audio hardware DMA engine). It allows applications to poll the current position in the DMA memory window that the hardware is accessing.
WaveRT also supports the notion of a hardware generated clock notification event, similar to the API, so that applications need not poll for current position if they don't want to.All the existing audio APIs have been re-plumbed and emulated to use these APIs internally, all audio goes through these three APIs, so that most applications 'just work'.Issues A fault in the MME WaveIn/WaveOut emulation was introduced in Windows Vista: if sample rate conversion is needed, audible noise is sometimes introduced, such as when playing audio in a web browser that uses these APIs. This is because the internal resampler, which is no longer configurable, defaults to linear interpolation, which was the lowest-quality conversion mode that could be set in previous versions of Windows.
The resampler can be set to a high-quality mode via for Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 only. Audio signal processing New digital signal processing functionalities such as Room Correction, Bass Management, Loudness Equalization and Speaker Fill have been introduced.
Speaker Fill mixes 2-channel content to use all available speakers in a manner similar to. Bass Management can be used to redirect the subwoofer signal to the main speakers. If a channel is missing, a feature called Channel Phantoming allows the best use of the speakers that are there, by redirecting the sound of the missing channels through these speakers. Whether there is a multi-channel or stereo sound system in a home theater or living room, Windows Vista also includes the ability to calibrate the speakers for that room. By placing a microphone where the listener plans to sit and then running a wizard that measures the room response, Windows Vista can automatically set the levels, delay and frequency balance for each channel accordingly for this position.
For PCs equipped with stereo headphones, Vista adds the ability to have surround sound using a new feature called Headphone Virtualization, which uses technology based upon a.Windows Vista also includes the ability to use custom host-based digital signal processing effects as part of the audio device manufacturer-supplied driver's value-added features. These effects are packaged as user-mode System Effect Audio Processing Objects (sAPOs). These sAPOs are also reusable by third-party software.Audio devices support.
Windows Speech Recognition tutorialWindows Vista is the first Windows operating system to include fully integrated support for. Under Windows 2000 and XP, Speech Recognition was installed with Office 2003, or was included in Windows XP Tablet PC Edition.Windows Speech Recognition allows users to control their machine through voice commands, and enables dictation into many applications. The application has a fairly high recognition accuracy and provides a set of commands that assists in dictation. A brief speech-driven tutorial is included to help familiarize a user with speech recognition commands. Training could also be completed to improve the accuracy of speech recognition.Windows Vista includes speech recognition for 8 languages at release time: English (U.S. And British), Spanish, German, French, Japanese and Chinese (traditional and simplified).
Support for additional languages is planned for post-release.Speech recognition in Vista utilizes version 5.3 of the (SAPI) and version 8 of the Speech Recognizer.Speech synthesis. Main article:Speech synthesis was first introduced in Windows with, but it has been significantly enhanced for Windows Vista (code name ).
The old voice, has been replaced with two new, more natural sounding voices of generally greater intelligibility: and, the latter of which is capable of speaking Chinese. The screen-reader which uses these voices has also been updated. And other text to speech applications now use the newer SAPI 5 voices. Print Windows Vista includes a redesigned print architecture, built around.
It provides high-fidelity color printing through improved use of, removes limitations of the current -based print subsystem, enhances support for printing advanced effects such as gradients, transparencies, etc., and for color through the use of (XPS).The print subsystem in Windows Vista implements the new XPS print path as well as the legacy GDI print path for legacy support. Windows Vista transparently makes use of the XPS print path for those printers that support it, otherwise using the GDI print path. On documents with intensive graphics, XPS printers are expected to produce much greater quality prints than GDI printers.In a networked environment with a print server running Windows Vista, documents will be rendered on the client machine, rather than on the server, using a feature known as Client Side Rendering.
The rendered intermediate form will just be transferred to the server to be printed without additional processing, making print servers more scalable by offloading rendering computation to clients.XPS print path. See also:The XPS Print Path introduced in Windows Vista supports high quality 16-bit color printing. The XPS print path uses (XPS) as the file format, that serves as the (PDL) for printers. The XPS spooler format is the intended replacement for the (EMF) format which is the format in the (GDI) print path. XPS is an -based (more specifically -based) and paged document format which encapsulates an exact representation of the actual printed output. XPS documents are packed in a container along with text, fonts, raster images, 2D and information.
For printers supporting XPS, this eliminates an intermediate conversion to a printer-specific language, increasing the reliability and fidelity of the printed output. Microsoft claims that major printer vendors are planning to release printers with built-in XPS support and that this will provide better fidelity to the original document.At the core of the XPS print path is XPSDrv, the XPS-based printer driver which includes the filter pipeline. It contains a set of filters which are print processing modules and an XML-based configuration file to describe how the filters are loaded. Filters receive the spool file data as input, perform document processing, rendering and PDL post-processing, and then output data for the printer to consume.
Filters can perform a single function such as watermarking a page or doing color transformations or they can perform several print processing functions on specific document parts individually or collectively and then convert the spool file to the page description language supported by the printer.Windows Vista also provides improved color support through the for higher color precision and dynamic range. It also supports colorspace and multiple ink systems for higher print fidelity. The print subsystem also has support for simplifying color definition for images transmitted to printer supporting those colors.The XPS print path can automatically calibrate settings with those being used by the display subsystem. Conversely, XPS print drivers can express the configurable capabilities of the printer, by virtue of the XPS PrintCapabilities, to enable more fine-grained control of print settings, tuned to the individual printing device.Applications which use the for the display elements can directly print to the XPS print path without the need for image or colorspace conversion.
The XPS format used in the spool file, represents advanced graphics effects such as 3D images, glow effects, and gradients as Windows Presentation Foundation primitives, which are processed by the printer drivers without, preventing rendering artifacts and reducing computational load. When the legacy is used, the XPS spool file is used for processing before it is converted to a GDI image to minimize the processing done at raster level.Print schemas Print schemas provide an XML-based format for expressing and organizing a large set of properties that describe either a job format or print capabilities in a hierarchically structured manner. Print schemas are intended to address the problems associated with internal communication between the components of the print subsystem, and external communication between the print subsystem and applications.Networking. The Network and Sharing CenterWindows Vista contains a new networking stack, which brings large improvements in all areas of network-related functionality. It includes a native implementation of, as well as complete overhaul of. IPv6 is now supported by all networking components, services, and the user interface.
In IPv6 mode, Windows Vista can use the Link Local Multicast Name Resolution protocol to resolve names of local hosts on a network which does not have a running. The new TCP/IP stack uses a new method to store configuration settings that enables more dynamic control and does not require a computer restart after settings are changed. The new stack is also based on a strong and features an infrastructure to enable more modular components that can be dynamically inserted and removed.The user interface for configuring, troubleshooting and working with network connections has changed significantly from prior versions of Windows as well. Users can make use of the new 'Network Center' to see the status of their network connections, and to access every aspect of configuration. The network can be browsed using Network Explorer, which replaces '.
Network Explorer items can be a shared device such as a scanner, or a file share. Network Location Awareness uniquely identifies each network and exposes the network's attributes and connectivity type. Windows Vista graphically presents how different devices are connected over a network in the Network Map view, using the protocol. In addition, the Network Map uses LLTD to determine connectivity information and media type (wired or wireless).
Any device can implement LLTD to appear on the Network Map with an icon representing the device, allowing users one-click access to the device's user interface. When LLTD is invoked, it provides metadata about the device that contains static or state information, such as the, IPv4/IPv6 address, etc.Support for is built into the network stack itself, and does not emulate wired connections, as was the case with previous versions of Windows. This allows implementation of wireless-specific features such as larger frame sizes and optimized error recovery procedures. Windows Vista uses various techniques like Auto-scaling, TCP Chimney offload and Compound TCP to improve networking performance. (QoS) policies can be used to prioritize network traffic, with available to all applications, even those that do not explicitly use QoS APIs. Windows Vista includes in-built support for peer-to-peer networks and 2.0. For improved network security, Windows Vista supports for 256-bit and 384-bit (DH) algorithms, as well as for 128-bit, 192-bit and 256-bit (AES) is included in the itself, while integrating with.Kernel and core OS changes.
The new enables operations across different types of objects, most significantly file system and registry operations. The memory manager and processes scheduler have been improved. The scheduler was modified to use the cycle counter register of modern processors to keep track of exactly how many cycles a thread has executed, rather than just using an interval-timer interrupt routine. This new CPU cycle-based thread scheduling gives a greater fairness and more deterministic app behavior.
Many kernel data structures and algorithms have been rewritten. Lookup algorithms now run in, instead of as with previous versions.
Windows Vista includes support for and. Process creation overhead is reduced by significant improvements to DLL address-resolving schemes. Windows Vista introduces a Protected Process, which differs from usual processes in the sense that other processes cannot manipulate the state of such a process, nor can threads from other processes be introduced in it.
A Protected Process has enhanced access to DRM-functions of Windows Vista. However, currently, only the applications using can create Protected Processes.
Thread Pools have been upgraded to support multiple pools per process, as well as to reduce performance overhead using thread recycling. It also includes Cleanup Groups that allow cleanup of pending thread-pool requests on process shutdown. Threaded DPC, conversely to an ordinary DPC (Deferred Procedure Call), decreases the system latency improving the performance of time-sensitive applications, such as audio or video playback. Data Redirection: Also known as data virtualization, this virtualizes the and certain parts of the file system for applications running in the if is turned on, enabling legacy applications to run in non-administrator accounts. It automatically creates private copies of files that an application can use when it does not have permission to access the original files.
This facilitates stronger file security and helps applications not written with the principle in mind to run under stronger restrictions. Registry virtualization isolates write operations that have a global impact to a per-user location. Reads and writes in the HKLMSoftware section of the by user-mode applications while running as a standard user, as well as to folders such as 'Program Files', are 'redirected' to the user's profile. The process of reading and writing on the profile data and not on the application-intended location is completely transparent to the application.
Windows Vista supports the 1.1 specification, including extended configuration space and segmentation. PCI Express registers, including capability registers, are supported, along with save and restore of configuration data. Native support and generic driver for (AHCI) specification for drives, SATA, and AHCI Link Power Management. Full support for the 2.0 specification, and parts of ACPI 3.0. Main article:Windows Vista introduces an overhaul of the previous operating system loader architecture. Used by versions of since its inception with, NTLDR has been completely replaced with a new architecture designed to address modern firmware technologies such as the.
The new architecture introduces a firmware-independent data store and is backward compatible with previous versions of the Windows operating system. Memory management. Windows Vista features a Dynamic System Address Space that allocates virtual memory and kernel page tables on-demand.
It also supports very large registry sizes. Includes enhanced support for (NUMA) and systems with large memory pages. Windows Vista also exposes APIs for accessing the NUMA features. Memory pages can be marked as read-only, to prevent data corruption. New address mapping scheme called Rotate Virtual Address Descriptors (VAD). It is used for the advanced Video subsystem. Swapping in of memory pages and system cache include prefetching and clustering, to improve performance.
Performance of Address Translation Buffers has been enhanced. layout has been modified to provide higher performance on 64-bit and (SMP) systems. The new heap structure is also more scalable and has low management overhead, especially for large heaps. Windows Vista automatically tunes up the heap layout for improved fragmentation management. The Low Fragmentation Heap (LFH) is enabled by default. Lazy initialization of heap initializes only when required, to improve performance.
The native 1080p sensor is more than twice as large as the 720p HD sensors on the market and lets more light in so people experience great video in virtually any lighting condition. 
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The Windows Vista memory manager does not have a 64 kb read-ahead cache limitation unlike previous versions of Windows and can thus improve file system performance dramatically.File systems. allows multiple file/folder operations to be treated as a single operation, so that a crash or power failure won't result in half-completed file writes. Transactions can also be extended to multiple machines. ( IMAPI v2) enables burning support for applications, in addition to CD burning. IMAPI v2 supports multiple optical drives, even recording to multiple drives simultaneously, unlike IMAPI in Windows XP which only supported recording with one optical drive at a time.
In addition, multiple filesystems are supported. Applications using IMAPI v2 can create, and burn —it is extensible in the sense that developers can write their own specific media formats and create their own file systems for its programming interfaces.
IMAPI v2 is implemented as a rather than as a as was the case in, and is also scriptable using. IMAPI v2 is also available for Windows XP. With the Windows Feature Pack for Storage installed, IMAPI 2.0 supports Recordable Blu-ray Disc and Rewritable Blu-ray Disc media as well.
Windows DVD Maker can burn discs, while Windows Explorer can burn data on DVDs (, DVD±R DL, DVD±R RW) in addition to and CDs.: A writable file system. The Windows file system (UDFS) implementation was read-only in OS releases prior to Windows Vista.
In Windows Vista, (incremental writing) is supported by UDFS, which can now format and write to all mainstream optical media formats (, CDR/RW, DVD+R/RW, DVD-R/RW/RAM). Write support is included for UDF format versions up to and including 2.50, with read support up to 2.60.
Main article:Windows Vista introduces an improved driver model, Windows Driver Foundation which is an opt-in framework to replace the older. It includes:. (WDDM), previously referred to as Longhorn Display Driver Model (LDDM), designed for graphics performance and stability.
A new, which will also be available for Windows XP and Windows 2000. A new user-mode driver model called the.
In Windows Vista, WDDM display drivers have two components, a kernel mode driver (KMD) that is very streamlined, and a user-mode driver that does most of the intense computations. With this model, most of the code is moved out of kernel mode. The audio subsystem also runs largely in user-mode to prevent impacting negatively on kernel performance and stability. Also, printer drivers in kernel mode are not supported. User-mode drivers are not able to directly access the kernel but use it through a dedicated API.
User-mode drivers are supported for devices which plug into a USB or FireWire bus, such as digital cameras, portable media players, PDAs, mobile phones and mass storage devices, as well as 'non-hardware' drivers, such as filter drivers and other software-only drivers. This also allows for drivers which would typically require a system reboot (video card drivers, for example) to install or update without needing a reboot of the machine.
If the driver requires access to kernel-mode resources, developers can split the driver so that part of it runs in kernel-mode and part of it runs in user-mode. These features are significant because a majority of system crashes can be traced to improperly installed or unstable third-party device drivers. If an error occurs the new framework allows for an immediate restart of the driver and does not impact the system. Is available for Windows XP and is included in Windows Media Player 11. Kernel-mode drivers on 64-bit versions of Windows Vista must be digitally signed; even administrators will not be able to install unsigned kernel-mode drivers.
A boot-time option is available to disable this check for a single session of Windows. Installing user-mode drivers will still work without a digital signature. Signed drivers are required for usage of PUMA, PAP (Protected Audio Path), and PVP-OPM subsystems. Driver packages that are used to install driver software are copied in their entirety into a 'Driver Store', which is a repository of driver packages. This ensures that drivers that need to be repaired or reinstalled won't need to ask for source media to get 'fresh' files. The Driver Store can also be preloaded with drivers by an OEM or IT administrator to ensure that commonly used devices (e.g.
External peripherals shipped with a computer system, corporate printers) can be installed immediately. Adding, removing and viewing drivers from the 'Driver Store' is done using PnPUtil.exe A new setting in allows deleting the drivers from the Driver Store when uninstalling the hardware. Support for; information on an 'unknown device' is reported to Microsoft when a driver cannot be found on the system, via Windows Update, or supplied by the user. Main article:.
caches frequently-used applications and documents in memory, and keeps track of when commonly used applications are usually loaded, so that they can be pre-cached and it also prioritizes the programs currently used over background tasks. SuperFetch aims to negate the negative performance effect of having anti-virus or backup software run when the user is not at the computer. Superfetch is able to learn at what time of a given day an application is used and so it can be pre-cached., makes PCs running Windows Vista more responsive by using on a (USB 2.0 only), or other form of flash memory, in order to boost system performance. When such a device is plugged in, the Windows dialog offers an additional option to use it to speed up the system; an additional 'ReadyBoost' tab is added to the drive's properties dialog where the amount of space to be used can be configured.
ReadyBoot uses an in-RAM cache to optimize the if the system has 700MB or more memory. The size of the cache depends on the total RAM available, but is large enough to create a reasonable cache and yet allow the system the memory it needs to boot smoothly. ReadyBoot uses the same ReadyBoost service. is the name Microsoft has given to its support for, a new design of developed by and Microsoft. Hybrid drives incorporate into the drive's design, resulting in lower power needs, as the drive's spindles do not need to be activated for every write operation. Windows Vista can also make use of the NVRAM to increase the speed of booting and returning from hibernation.
Windows Vista features which allows developers to set application I/O priorities for read/write disk operations, similar to how currently application processes/threads can be assigned CPU priorities. I/O has been enhanced with I/O asynchronous cancellation and I/O scheduling based on thread priority. Background applications running in low priority I/O do not disturb foreground applications. Applications like Windows Defender, Automatic Disk Defragmenter and Windows Desktop Search (during indexing) already use this feature.
Windows Media Player 11 also supports this technology to offer glitch-free multimedia playback. The feature, which maintains a client-side cache of files shared over a network, has been significantly improved.
When synchronizing the changes in the cached copy to the remote version, the Bitmap Differential Transfer protocol is used so that only the changed blocks in the cached version are transferred, but when retrieving changes from the remote copy, the entire file is downloaded. Are synchronized on a per-share basis and encrypted on a per-user basis and users can force Windows to work in offline mode or online mode or sync manually from the Sync Center. The Sync Center can also report sync errors and resolve sync conflicts.
Also, if network connectivity is restored, file handles are redirected to the remote share transparently. Delayed service start allows services to start a short while after the system has finished booting and initial busy operations, so that the system boots up faster and performs tasks quicker than before.
Enable advanced performance option for hard disks: When enabled, the operating system may cache disk writes as well as disk reads. In previous Windows operating systems, only the disk's internal disk caching, if any, was utilised for disk write operations when the disk cache was enabled by the user. Enabling this option causes Windows to make use of its own local cache in addition to this, which speeds up performance, at the expense of a little more risk of data loss during a sudden loss of power.Programmability.NET Framework 3.0. Main article:Windows Vista is the first client version of Windows to ship with the.NET Framework. Specifically, it includes.NET Framework 2.0 and (previously known as WinFX) but not version 1.0 or 1.1. The.NET Framework is a set of that is slated to succeed.
The Win32 API is also present in Windows Vista, but does not give direct access to all the new functionality introduced with the.NET Framework. In addition,.NET Framework is intended to give programmers easier access to the functionality present in Windows itself.NET Framework 3.0 includes APIs such as, among others, and adds four core frameworks to the.NET Framework:. (WPF).
(WCF). (WF).WPF. Main article:Windows Presentation Foundation (codenamed Avalon) is the overhaul of the graphical subsystem in Windows and the flagship API for and, and , fixed and adaptive documents , advanced, , data binding, audio and video in. WPF enables richer control, design, and development of the visual aspects of Windows programs.
Based on DirectX, it renders all graphics using. Routing the graphics through Direct3D allows Windows to offload graphics tasks to the, reducing the workload on the computer's. This capability is used by the to make the desktop, all windows and all other shell elements into 3D surfaces. WPF applications can be deployed on the desktop or hosted in a web browser.The 3D capabilities in WPF are limited compared to what's available in Direct3D. However, WPF provides tighter integration with other features like (UI), documents, and media. This makes it possible to have 3D UI, 3D documents, and 3D media. A set of built-in controls is provided as part of WPF, containing items such as button, menu, and list box controls.
WPF provides the ability to perform control composition, where a control can contain any other control or layout. WPF also has a built-in set of data services to enable application developers to bind data to the controls. Images are supported using the Windows Imaging Component.
For media, WPF supports any audio and video formats which Windows Media Player can play. In addition, WPF supports time-based, in contrast to the frame-based approach.
This delinks the speed of the animation from how slow or fast the system is performing. Is anti-aliased and rendered using.WPF uses Extensible Application Markup Language , which is a variant of, intended for use in developing user interfaces. Using XAML to develop user interfaces also allows for separation of model and view. In XAML, every element maps onto a class in the underlying API, and the attributes are set as properties on the instantiated classes. All elements of WPF may also be coded in a.NET language such as C#.
The XAML code is ultimately compiled into a managed assembly in the same way all.NET languages are, which means that the use of XAML for development does not incur a performance cost.WCF. Main article:Windows Communication Foundation (codenamed Indigo) is a new communication subsystem to enable applications, in one machine or across multiple machines connected by a network, to communicate. WCF programming model unifies Web Services,.NET Remoting, Distributed Transactions, and Message Queues into a single model for, where a server exposes a service via an interface, defined using, to which clients connect.
WCF runs in a sandbox and provides the enhanced security model all.NET applications provide.WCF is capable of using for communication between two processes, thereby making WCF based applications interoperable with any other process that communicates via SOAP. When a WCF process communicates with a non-WCF process, XML based encoding is used for the SOAP messages but when it communicates with another WCF process, the SOAP messages are encoded in an optimized binary format, to optimize the communication. Both the encodings conform to the data structure of the SOAP format, called Infoset.Windows Vista also incorporates (MSMQ) that supports subqueues, poison messages (messages which continually fail to be processed correctly by the receiver), and transactional receives of messages from a remote queue.WF. Main article:Windows Workflow Foundation is a Microsoft technology for defining, executing and managing. This technology is part of 3.0 and therefore targeted primarily for the Windows Vista operating system. The runtime components provide common facilities for running and managing the workflows and can be hosted in any CLR application domain.Workflows comprise 'activities'.
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Developers can write their own domain-specific activities and then use them in workflows. Windows Workflow Foundation also provides a set of general-purpose 'activities' that cover several control flow constructs.
It also includes a visual workflow designer. The workflow designer can be used within Visual Studio 2005, including integration with the Visual Studio project system and debugger.Windows CardSpace. Main article:Windows CardSpace (codenamed InfoCard), a part of.NET Framework 3.0, is an implementation of Identity Metasystem, which centralizes acquiring, usage and management of digital identity. A digital identity is represented as logical Security Tokens, that each consist of one or more Claims, which provide information about different aspects of the identity, such as name, address etc.Any identity system centers around three entities — the User who is to be identified, an Identity Provider who provides identifying information regarding the User, and Relying Party who uses the identity to authenticate the user. An Identity Provider may be a service like, or even the user who provides an authentication password, or biometric authentication data.A Relying Party issues a request to an application for an identity, by means of a Policy that states what Claims it needs and what will be the physical representation of the security token. The application then passes on the request to Windows CardSpace, which then contacts a suitable Identity Provider and retrieves the Identity. It then provides the application with the Identity along with information on how to use it.Windows CardSpace also keeps a track of all Identities used, and represents them as visually identifiable virtual cards, accessible to the user from a centralized location.
Whenever an application requests any identity, Windows CardSpace informs the user about which identity is being used and needs confirmation before it provides the requestor with the identity.Windows CardSpace presents an API that allows any application to use Windows CardSpace to handle authentication tasks. Similarly, the API allows Identity Providers to hook up with Windows CardSpace.
To any Relying Party, it appears as a service which provides authentication credentials.Other.NET Framework APIs. (UIA) is a managed code API replacing to drive user interfaces. UIA is designed to serve both assistive technology and test-automation requirements.
also includes a speech which has similar functionality to SAPI 5 but is suitable to be used by managed code applications.Media Foundation. Main article:The Windows Vista Instant Search index can also be accessed programmatically using both as well as code. Native code connects to the index catalog by using a Data Source Object retrieved from Windows Vista shell's Indexing Service provider. Managed code use the MSIDXS provider with the index catalog name. A catalog on a remote machine can also be specified using a path. The criteria for the search is specified using a -like syntax.The default catalog is called SystemIndex and it stores all the properties of indexed items with a predefined naming pattern. For example, the name and location of documents in the system is exposed as a table with the column names System.
ItemName and System. ItemURL respectively. An SQL query can directly refer these tables and index catalogues and use the MSIDXS provider to run queries against them. The search index can also be used via, using the CollatorDSO provider. However, OLE DB provider is read-only, supporting only SELECT and GROUP ON SQL statements.The Windows Search API can also be used to convert a search query written using (or Natural Query Syntax, the natural language version of AQS) to queries. It exposes a method GenerateSQLFromUserQuery method of the ISearchQueryHelper interface.
Searches can also be performed using the search-ms:, which is a pseudo protocol that lets searches be exposed as an. It contains all the operators and search terms specified in AQS. It can refer to saved search folders as well. When such a URI is activated, Windows Search, which is registered as a handler for the protocol, parses the URI to extract the parameters and perform the search.Networking. Main article:Kernel (WSK) is a new transport-independent kernel-mode Network Programming Interface (NPI) for that provides client developers with a sockets-like programming model similar to those supported in user-mode.
While most of the same programming concepts exist as in user-mode Winsock such as socket, creation, bind, connect, accept, send and receive, Winsock Kernel is a completely new programming interface with unique characteristics such as that uses and event callbacks to enhance performance. Is supported in Windows Vista for backward compatibility.Windows Vista includes a specialized QoS called ( Quality Windows Audio/Video Experience), which is a pre-configured Quality of Service module for time dependent multimedia data, such as audio or video streams.
QWave uses different packet priority schemes for real-time flows (such as multimedia packets) and best-effort flows (such as file downloads or e-mails) to ensure that real time data gets as little delays as possible, while providing a high quality channel for other data packets.allows external applications to access and hook into the packet processing pipeline of the networking subsystem.Cryptography. Main article:Windows Vista features an update to the Microsoft Crypto API known as Cryptography API: Next Generation (CNG).
CNG is an extensible, and API that includes support for and a number of newer algorithms that are part of the (NSA). September 15, 2005. Archived from on 2006-02-13.
Retrieved 2006-04-29. December 13, 2005.
Retrieved 2006-04-29. Dev Center - Hardware. Retrieved 2012-01-17. Windows Desktop Development Forums discussion thread. Retrieved 2012-01-17. ^ (December 6, 2006).
Windows Vista Team Blog. Archived from on December 9, 2006. Retrieved November 3, 2015.
See the 2007-03-04 at the standard document for more information on MIDI Elements. See section 3.3 of the 2006-12-30 at the standard document for more information on endpoint types. (January 4, 2006). Retrieved April 25, 2015.
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The basicsFault-tolerant solutions are often described as providing because they are designed to prevent from happening in the first place Virtualization comes with challengesWhen, it is important to understand that you need to protect your server assets, as moving everything to a single virtualized platform means that everything fails if the platform fails. There are various strategies to prevent this, but it is important to ensure that you don’t swap the complexity of a single server per application for a complex failure recovery mechanism in a virtualized environment. Fault-tolerant software solutionFault-tolerant server platforms are a key way to avoid this complexity, delivering simplicity and reliability in virtualized implementations, eliminating unplanned downtime and preventing data loss – a critical element in many automation environments, and essential for IIoT analytics.Fault-tolerant software and hardware solutions provide at least — 99.999+% — for minimal unplanned downtime of between two and a half and five and a quarter minutes per year. While fault-tolerant hardware and software solutions both provide extremely high levels of availability, there is a trade-off: fault-tolerant servers achieve high availability with a minimal amount of system overhead to deliver a superior level of performance, while fault-tolerant software can be run on industry-standard servers your organization may already have in place. Recovery is not preventionIt is important to note that should not be confused with fault-tolerance. DR provides geographic redundancy in case of catastrophic failures, but will not prevent some downtime of data loss. In fact, fault-tolerance and DR are complementary and they are often implemented together.
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